--- url: 'https://www.corbado.com/glossary/qualified-electronic-signature' title: 'Qualified Electronic Signature (QES)' description: 'Discover what a Qualified Electronic Signature (QES) is, how it ensures legal validity, and why it''s essential for secure digital document signing.' lang: 'en' keywords: 'Qualified Electronic Signature' --- # Qualified Electronic Signature (QES) ## What is a QES (Qualified Electronic Signature)? A **Qualified Electronic Signature (QES)** is the most secure type of digital signature, legally equivalent to a handwritten signature across the European Union. A QES confirms the identity of the signer and guarantees the authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation of digitally signed documents. Key features of a Qualified Electronic Signature include: - **High Legal Validity**: Recognized legally equivalent to handwritten signatures under [eIDAS](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/eidas) regulation (EU Regulation No 910/2014). - **Identity Verification**: Signers must verify their identity through a Qualified Trust Service Provider (QTSP). - **Enhanced Security**: Uses cryptographic mechanisms (digital certificates and secure hardware like smart cards or HSMs). - **Non-Repudiation**: Signers cannot deny having signed a document later on. Qualified Electronic Signatures are widely used in contracts, legal documents, financial transactions, and official [government](https://www.corbado.com/passkeys-for-public-sector) communications to ensure trust and legal enforceability. > **Key Takeaways:** > > - A **Qualified Electronic Signature (QES)** is legally equivalent to a handwritten > signature under EU law. > - QES relies on cryptographic security and > [identity verification](https://www.corbado.com/blog/digital-identity-guide) provided by Qualified Trust > Service Providers (QTSPs). > - Documents signed with QES are highly secure, authentic, and legally binding, offering > non-repudiation. --- ## Legal Foundation and Trustworthiness Qualified Electronic Signatures were introduced and standardized by the [eIDAS](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/eidas) Regulation (Electronic Identification, Authentication, and Trust Services) in the European Union. Under [eIDAS](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/eidas), a QES holds the highest legal assurance level, providing cross-border recognition among all EU member states. This ensures: - Legal certainty and validity of digital documents. - Acceptance by courts, regulatory bodies, and businesses across Europe. - Reduction in reliance on paper-based processes. ## How QES Works Technically Creating a QES involves a highly secure, regulated process: 1. **Identity Verification**: Signers must first undergo stringent [identity verification](https://www.corbado.com/blog/digital-identity-guide) procedures conducted by Qualified Trust Service Providers (QTSPs). 2. **Issuance of Qualified Certificate**: Upon verification, the [QTSP](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/qtsp) issues a personal [digital certificate](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/digital-badge) uniquely linked to the signer’s identity. 3. **Secure Signing Process**: Signatures must be generated using secure hardware such as a [smart card](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/smart-card) or a Hardware Security Module (HSM), preventing unauthorized access or duplication. 4. **Document Integrity and Authenticity**: Cryptographic algorithms ensure the signed document remains unchanged. Any alteration invalidates the signature immediately. ## Examples of QES in Action Qualified Electronic Signatures find application in various sectors: - **Legal Contracts**: Employment agreements, rental contracts, and sales agreements. - **Financial Transactions**: High-value transfers, mortgage contracts, [insurance](https://www.corbado.com/passkeys-for-insurance) documents. - **Public Sector**: Filing tax returns, official document submission, and legal proceedings. ## Relationship with Passkeys and Authentication While passkeys (WebAuthn/[FIDO2](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/fido2)) primarily focus on secure, [user-friendly authentication](https://www.corbado.com/faq/passkey-user-experience-benefits-non-technical-audience), Qualified Electronic Signatures specifically address legally binding digital document signing. Together, they form complementary solutions for secure [digital identity](https://www.corbado.com/blog/digital-identity-guide) and trust. ## Choosing a Qualified Trust Service Provider To use QES, individuals and organizations must choose certified [QTSPs](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/qtsp). [QTSPs](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/qtsp) must comply strictly with eIDAS standards, guaranteeing reliable identification, secure key storage, and trusted [digital certificates](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/microcredentials). Examples include providers such as D-Trust, IDnow, Swisscom, and InfoCert. ## QES (Qualified Electronic Signature) FAQs ### What is a Qualified Electronic Signature (QES)? A Qualified Electronic Signature (QES) is a legally binding digital signature recognized under EU law, offering the highest level of identity assurance, document authenticity, and security. ### How does a QES differ from a simple electronic signature? Unlike a simple electronic signature, a QES involves verified identity proof, qualified certificates, secure cryptographic hardware, and has legal equivalence to handwritten signatures in the EU. ### Is a QES legally binding across Europe? Yes, Qualified Electronic Signatures are fully legally binding and recognized as equivalent to handwritten signatures throughout all EU member states, as regulated by the eIDAS framework. ### Who can issue a Qualified Electronic Signature? Only certified Qualified Trust Service Providers (QTSPs), regulated under the eIDAS regulation, can verify identities, issue qualified certificates, and support the creation of a QES. ### Can a QES be forged or altered? No, QES utilizes robust cryptographic methods and secure hardware, making forgery practically impossible. Any attempt to alter a document invalidates the signature immediately.