---
url: 'https://www.corbado.com/blog/best-duende-alternatives'
title: 'Top 10 Duende Alternatives'
description: 'Find the best Duende alternative for passkeys. Compare top CIAM providers by UX, integration, pricing, adoption and full passkey functionality at scale.'
lang: 'en'
author: 'Vincent Delitz'
date: '2025-04-04T16:30:07.158Z'
lastModified: '2026-04-01T06:00:51.127Z'
keywords: 'Duende alternative, Corbado vs Duende'
category: 'Passkeys Reviews'
---

# Top 10 Duende Alternatives

## Key Facts

- Duende lacks **native passkey support**, requiring teams to manually build all WebAuthn
  flows including ceremony handling, fallback UX and user onboarding.
- Corbado achieves up to **10x higher passkey adoption** than generic solutions, tracking
  over 100 signals per user interaction and delivering ROI in under 12 months.
- **Behavioral nudging**, A/B testing and funnel analytics are key differentiators: most
  CIAM providers lack tools needed to drive 50-80% real-world passkey adoption.
- **PingOne for Customers** starts at 35,000 USD/year; Hanko's pro plan costs 29 USD/month
  and Authsignal's essential tier starts at 99 USD/month for 5,000 MAUs.

## 1. Why Using a Duende Alternative?

Duende IdentityServer is a robust and extensible solution for teams building custom OAuth2
and OpenID Connect infrastructures. It’s a great choice for security-focused organizations
that want full control over their authentication logic.

However, Duende does not offer native support for passkeys or WebAuthn out of the box. Any
team looking to implement passkeys must build the full flow manually, from ceremony
handling to fallback UX and user onboarding. This significantly increases development
effort and slows down go-to-market timelines, especially in customer-facing environments.

## 2. What to Look for in Passkey Alternatives?

When evaluating alternatives to Duende with passkeys in mind, it’s important to go beyond
surface-level feature checklists. Here’s what really matters if you want passkeys to
work - not just technically, but at scale.

### 2.1 Passkey Functionality

Yes, any [passkey provider](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkey-providers) should support WebAuthn, platform
[authenticators](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/authenticator) (iOS,
[Android](https://www.corbado.com/blog/how-to-enable-passkeys-android), macOS,
[Windows Hello](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/windows-hello)) and basic login and registration flows. But
advanced functionality makes or breaks adoption at scale:

- **Multi-passkey support per user**\
  Support for [multiple passkeys per account](https://www.corbado.com/faq/multiple-passkeys-per-account) (e.g.,
  one for phone, one for laptop), including device names, metadata, and management
  options.

- **Optimized login flows**\
  Features like 1-Tap login, [Conditional UI](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/conditional-ui) or automatic
  passkey ceremony start to reduce friction and increase adoption.

- **Passkey fallback mechanisms**\
  What happens when passkey authentication fails? A secure and user-friendly fallback path
  is essential.

- **Passkey intelligence**\
  Real-time insights and decision support to find out if passkey logins and creations work
  for a user on a particular device and browser version. This helps to optimize the
  passkey experience and ultimately adoption.

- **Passkey analytics and tracking**\
  Built-in analytics to monitor adoption, success rates, error types and other key
  metrics.

- **Advanced passkey management console**\
  A powerful interface for admins to manage, monitor and debug passkey activity across the
  user base. Often this includes detailed login funnel analyses.

- **Support for advanced WebAuthn features**\
  Advanced features such as [WebAuthn Signal API](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-signal-api), Client
  Capabilities and [Client Hints](https://www.corbado.com/blog/client-hints-user-agent-chrome-safari-firefox)

### 2.2 Implementation Effort

Passkeys aren’t plug-and-play in terms of implementation - the hard part is in the
details. Look for providers that reduce engineering overhead by offering:

- **Purpose-built passkey SDKs and UI components**\
  Not just generic OAuth-like “Log in with a passkey” buttons or “magic link” flows, but
  components specifically designed for smooth passkey registration and login.

- **Credential lifecycle management APIs**\
  Support for creating, listing, renaming, deleting and rotating passkeys via
  well-documented APIs.

- **Progressive migration support**\
  Enable existing users to add a passkey after login or during key friction points, such
  as [2FA](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-vs-2fa-security) prompts, which are essential for driving
  gradual adoption.

- **Developer tooling**\
  Robust support for integration and testing, including WebAuthn testing harnesses,
  integration simulators and real-time logs for device/browser diagnostics

### 2.3 Passkey User Experience (UX)

[Passkey adoption](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkey-adoption-business-case) lives or dies by UX. It's not
enough for the flow to “technically work”, the focus must be on maximizing login and
activation rates as well as minimizing user drop-off and avoiding dead-ends. Look for
solutions that go beyond the basics and deliver a seamless, user-centric experience:

- **Advanced login flows**\
  Start the login flow via
  [passkey autofill](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-conditional-ui-passkeys-autofill) or
  [one-tap](https://docs.corbado.com/corbado-connect/features/one-tap-login) passkey
  buttons - no need for extra clicks, or manual username input.

- **Visual feedback and context**\
  Clear indicators during [passkey creation](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkey-creation-best-practices) and
  login, including:\
  – Progress bars or animations\
  – Contextual messages (e.g., “Logging in with your iPhone”)\
  – UI-level fallback guidance if something fails

- **First-time user onboarding**\
  Localized messaging and subtle animations that educate and build trust, especially for
  users new to passkeys.

- **Smart fallback routing**\
  Intuitive options when [passkey login](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkey-login-best-practices) isn’t
  available, such as “Use another device”, “Continue with SMS” or “Use passkey on your
  phone”

- **Device-awareness**\
  Avoid confusing users by hiding passkey options on unsupported environments (e.g.,
  desktop browsers without WebAuthn support).

### 2.4 Passkey Adoption

Enabling passkeys is easy. Driving real-world usage? Much harder. A good provider will
actively help you get users to adopt passkeys.

#### 2.4.1 Adoption Strategy & Tools

Look for a provider that offers more than just the technical foundation:

- **Focus on real adoption rates**\
  Does the provider help you drive meaningful adoption (e.g. 50–80% of users) or just
  “offer passkeys” as a feature?

- **Support for campaigns and nudges**\
  – Segment-based passkey prompts\
  – Nudging users after login or during security prompts\
  – Forced enrollment for secure environments

- **Progressive onboarding flows**\
  Encourage [passkey creation](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkey-creation-best-practices) at key moments, like
  after the login, after the password entry or on secure device login

- **In-product promotion tools**\
  – Tooltips, modals, or banners that encourage
  [passkey creation](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkey-creation-best-practices)\
  – Built-in analytics to track conversion and interaction

- **Deep analytics & insights**\
  – How many users have created a passkey?\
  – Login success rates by device, browser, or OS\
  – Fallback usage frequency\
  – Drop-off points in the flow

- **User segmentation**\
  Identify users based on their device/browser compatibility, historical login behavior
  and passkey readiness

- **A/B testing support**\
  Experiment with different authentication flows and fallback strategies to find what
  works best.

- **Password phase-out strategies**\
  Built-in tools and strategies to help you remove passwords entirely once a critical mass
  of [passkey adoption](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkey-adoption-business-case) is reached.

#### 2.4.2 User Education & Onboarding

Simple, clear onboarding builds trust and helps users adopt passkeys with confidence.

- **Ready-made UI & help content**\
  – Pre-built UI components, prompts, and messages\
  – Consumer-friendly help centers and step-by-step guides

- **Support for diverse user groups**\
  – Guidance tailored to both tech-savvy and non-tech-savvy users\
  – Consideration for global variations in language, device type, and OS versions

#### 2.4.3 Long-Term Roadmap to Passwordless

True value comes from moving toward a fully passwordless future. Look for providers that
help you plan for:

- Safe removal of passwords once passkey coverage is sufficient

- Ongoing user education to keep passkeys “top of mind”

- Tools to prevent fallback dependency and legacy credential usage

### 2.5 Operations & Maintenance

With passkeys, much of the complexity shifts from the user experience to backend
operations and support workflows. A strong provider will simplify ongoing management and
reduce the operational burden.

**Key operational capabilities to consider:**

#### 2.5.1 Ongoing Monitoring & Security Updates

- **Device Visibility & Metadata Logging**\
  Automatic logging of key metadata such as creation date, browser and platform type, and
  device nickname to support [troubleshooting](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkey-troubleshooting-solutions)
  and analytics.

- **Regular Release Cadence**\
  Timely updates in response to WebAuthn spec changes, browser and OS updates, or passkey
  ecosystem developments.

- **Security Responsiveness**\
  Proactive handling of security advisories and zero-day
  [vulnerabilities](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/vulnerability), including rapid deployment of patches across
  infrastructure.

#### 2.5.2 Cross-Platform Testing & QA

- **Compatibility Assurance**\
  Continuous testing to ensure reliable passkey functionality across all major browsers,
  operating systems, and devices.

- **Automated vs. Manual QA**\
  Preference for providers with automated
  [end-to-end test](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-e2e-playwright-testing-webauthn-virtual-authenticator)
  coverage to catch regressions early and reduce operational overhead.

- **Adoption Engineering**\
  Access to dedicated experts to monitor adoption rates and optimize UX across platforms –
  especially valuable in managed passkey offerings.

- **Monitoring & Troubleshooting Tools**\
  Real-time visibility into authentication flows: see which device a login originated
  from, what credential was used, and why a
  [passkey login](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkey-login-best-practices) may have failed.

- **Enterprise-Grade Observability**\
  Role-based access controls (RBAC), audit logs, and full compliance with SOC2/GDPR for
  tracking and securing authentication events.

- **Dashboards & Alerts**\
  Customizable analytics for tracking adoption metrics, fallback method usage, and
  suspicious behaviors (e.g., excessive device re-registrations).

### 2.6 Pricing & ROI

Many providers treat passkeys as a premium add-on or charging per device or credential. To
make a [future-proof](https://www.corbado.com/faq/are-passkeys-the-future) decision, evaluate both the total cost
of ownership and the expected return on investment.

#### 2.6.1 Transparent & Scalable Pricing

- **Inclusive Passkey Support**\
  [Passkey features](https://www.corbado.com/blog/social-logins-pre-filled-passkeys-customization) should be
  included by default, not upsold as an add-on.

- **No Per-Device or Per-Credential Fees**\
  Pricing should scale with your users, not with the number of devices or credentials they
  use.

- **Predictable Cost Structures**\
  Look for pricing models that grow linearly or offer volume discounts as adoption
  increases.

#### 2.6.2 Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)

- **Upfront Costs**\
  Consider vendor license fees and the time required to integrate passkeys — whether
  building in-house or working with a third party.

- **Ongoing Costs**\
  Factor in developer time for maintaining passkey implementations, performing security
  audits, and staying up to date with ecosystem changes.

- **Future Expansion**\
  Evaluate the cost of adding advanced capabilities later (e.g., device intelligence,
  analytics, or [identity verification](https://www.corbado.com/blog/digital-identity-guide)) - especially if
  you'd need to build them yourself.

#### 2.6.3 Return on Investment (ROI)

- **Operational Savings**
    - Lower
      [SMS OTP costs](https://www.corbado.com/blog/introducing-passkeys-large-scale-overview/why-are-sms-otps-costly-for-enterprises)

    - Fewer login-related support tickets

    - Reduced account recovery overhead

- **User Experience Gains**
    - Higher login success rates and fewer abandoned sessions

    - Smoother logins across devices improve user retention and engagement

- **Business Impact**
    - Increased revenue from more completed logins or transactions, particularly in
      [e-commerce](https://www.corbado.com/passkeys-for-e-commerce)

    - Faster onboarding and reduced friction in critical user journeys

#### 2.6.4 Time to Market

- **Implementation Speed**\
  Compare the timeline to integrate passkeys with a vendor vs. building from scratch

- **Opportunity Cost**\
  Delays in shipping passkey support can result in lost competitive advantage, missed
  conversion opportunities or higher support burden.

## 3. Alternatives

Duende is ideal for teams with deep identity expertise who want to implement passkeys from
the ground up. But if your focus is on fast rollout, smooth UX and driving measurable
[passkey adoption](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkey-adoption-business-case), you may want to consider a
solution built for exactly that.

Here are some of the best alternatives – including Corbado, which is purpose-built to
enable scalable, user-friendly passkey authentication in B2C and
[public-sector](https://www.corbado.com/passkeys-for-public-sector) applications.

### 3.1 Corbado

Corbado is built specifically for passkey-first applications. Unlike many CIAM providers
who treat passkeys as a side feature, Corbado puts
[passwordless UX](https://www.corbado.com/faq/passkey-user-experience-benefits-non-technical-audience) and high
passkey adoption at the center. The solution supports both, integrates seamlessly into
existing identity systems, gets you 10x higher passkey adoption and is optimized for
[large-scale](https://www.corbado.com/blog/introducing-passkeys-large-scale-overview) B2C or
[public-sector](https://www.corbado.com/passkeys-for-public-sector) deployments.

#### 3.1.1 Passkey Functionality

Corbado delivers industry-leading passkey adoption with robust WebAuthn functionality.

- Supports [WebAuthn Level 3](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-prf-webauthn) with Signal API,
  [Client Capabilities](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-client-capabilities), and
  [Client Hints](https://www.corbado.com/blog/client-hints-user-agent-chrome-safari-firefox)

- Multi-passkey support per user, with comprehensive metadata and management options

- Advanced fallback logic with proactive detection of problematic environments and
  alternatives

- Comprehensive
  [passkey intelligence](https://docs.corbado.com/corbado-connect/features/passkey-intelligence):
  over 100 tracked signals per interaction (OS, browser, device, errors, behavior)

- Real-time funnel analysis and adaptive login algorithms

#### 3.1.2 Implementation Effort

Corbado ensures minimal integration complexity, designed specifically for
[large-scale](https://www.corbado.com/blog/introducing-passkeys-large-scale-overview) rollouts.

- Ready-to-use SDKs and UI components for [React](https://www.corbado.com/blog/react-passkeys),
  [Next.js](https://www.corbado.com/blog/nextjs-passkeys), and plain HTML / JavaScript

- Credential lifecycle management APIs (create, list, rename, delete, rotate)

- Seamless integration into existing CIAM/IdP setups without user migration

- Robust developer tooling, including traffic adoption simulators, real-time logs, and
  integration diagnostics

#### 3.1.3 User Experience

Corbado prioritizes frictionless UX, resulting in exceptional adoption rates.

- Native [biometric authentication](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-biometric-authentication) via
  [one-tap](https://docs.corbado.com/corbado-connect/features/one-tap-login) login and
  autofill-first user experience

- Context-aware, proactive fallback logic to maintain seamless login experiences

- Comprehensive visual feedback and contextual messages to enhance user understanding

- Continuous UX optimization powered by detailed user behavior tracking and analytics

#### 3.1.4 Passkey Adoption

Corbado significantly outperforms generic solutions, focusing heavily on measurable
adoption.

- Up to 10x higher passkey adoption rates compared to other solutions

- In-depth tracking of over 100 signals per user event, enabling precise A/B testing and
  funnel optimization

- Behavioral nudging, tailored prompts, and adaptive strategies based on user behavior and
  device capabilities

- Comprehensive passkey adoption analytics, insights into success rates, fallbacks, and
  drop-off points

- Built-in tools to support gradual password phase-out and progressive onboarding

#### 3.1.5 Operations & Maintenance

Corbado simplifies ongoing maintenance and reduces support overhead.

- Advanced device metadata logging (creation date, browser, OS, device nickname)

- Regular, proactive updates for OS/browser compatibility and rapid response to security
  advisories

- Fully automated cross-platform QA to ensure compatibility and reliability

- Comprehensive monitoring, real-time diagnostics,
  [troubleshooting](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkey-troubleshooting-solutions) dashboards, and alerting
  tools

- GDPR/SOC2-compliant audit trails, role-based access controls (RBAC), and observability

#### 3.1.6 Pricing & ROI

Corbado provides predictable, scalable
[pricing with rapid return on investment](https://www.corbado.com/pricing).

- Transparent, user-based pricing without per-device or credential fees

- Immediate cost reductions in SMS OTP, support tickets, and account recovery overhead

- Increased login success rates and reduced session abandonment rates

- ROI typically realized in less than 12 months, avoiding hidden in-house development
  costs

- Supports [gradual rollout](https://www.corbado.com/faq/gradual-rollout-support-passkey-adoption) strategies,
  minimizing operational and financial risk

#### 3.1.7 Conclusion

Corbado is an ideal solution for
[large-scale](https://www.corbado.com/blog/introducing-passkeys-large-scale-overview) B2C organizations aiming
for high passkey adoption and frictionless user experiences. Its strengths lie in
extensive data-driven optimizations, advanced UX flows, seamless integration capabilities,
and minimal operational complexity, making it especially suitable for environments where
login success directly impacts revenue,
[customer retention](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-user-retention-keychain) and brand perception.

### 3.2 Frontegg

Frontegg is a flexible CIAM platform popular with B2B
[SaaS](https://www.corbado.com/blog/saas-companies-integrate-passkeys) companies. It offers a wide range of
authentication features and has recently added initial support for passkeys. While this
makes it a viable option for teams exploring
[passwordless authentication](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/passwordless-authentication), its passkey tooling
is still maturing, especially for high-adoption and user-facing environments.

#### 3.2.1 Passkey Functionality

Frontegg supports WebAuthn-based passkeys across major platforms, including Touch ID, Face
ID, and [Windows Hello](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/windows-hello).

- Basic passkey creation and login flows are supported via hosted UI

- Multi-passkey support and credential metadata management are limited

- No support for advanced WebAuthn features like Signal API or
  [Client Capabilities](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-client-capabilities)

- No credential lifecycle APIs for renaming, listing, or deleting passkeys

#### 3.2.2 Implementation Effort

Integration is straightforward using Frontegg’s hosted login flow, but custom UI use cases
may require more effort.

- Hosted login widget simplifies initial setup

- Custom frontends require manual WebAuthn integration

- No dedicated SDKs or UI components tailored for passkeys

- Lacks fallback orchestration or real-time diagnostics during integration

#### 3.2.3 User Experience

Passkey UX is functional but not yet optimized for high-conversion, frictionless user
journeys.

- No [conditional UI](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/conditional-ui) or
  [one-tap login](https://docs.corbado.com/corbado-connect/features/one-tap-login)
  experience

- Limited contextual feedback or animations during login

- No visual indicators for [passkey fallback](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkey-fallback-recovery) options

- User onboarding is generic and lacks passkey-specific guidance

#### 3.2.4 Passkey Adoption

Frontegg enables passkey usage but provides few tools to increase real-world adoption.

- No built-in nudging or segmentation for onboarding

- No A/B testing or analytics on passkey conversion

- No in-product prompts or timing-based enrollment flows

- No tracking of drop-offs or fallback usage

#### 3.2.5 Operations & Maintenance

Includes general [authentication observability](https://www.corbado.com/blog/authentication-observability), but
passkey-specific tooling is not yet available.

- No dashboards for passkey success rates or device/browser usage

- No logs or error reports for failed passkey attempts

- No role-based filtering or passkey-specific alerts

#### 3.2.6 Pricing & ROI

Frontegg offers tiered pricing with
[passkey features](https://www.corbado.com/blog/social-logins-pre-filled-passkeys-customization) available in
higher plans.

- No additional fees per device or credential

- Passkey value depends on broader CIAM usage

- ROI primarily driven by consolidation and ease-of-use, not passkey adoption alone

#### 3.2.7 Conclusion

Frontegg is a versatile CIAM platform that offers initial support for passkeys and works
well for teams exploring
[passwordless authentication](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/passwordless-authentication) in
[SaaS](https://www.corbado.com/blog/saas-companies-integrate-passkeys) environments. However, if your goal is to
reach high passkey adoption rates across diverse user devices and environments, more
specialized solutions with advanced tooling and UX may offer better long-term fit.

### 3.3 LoginID

LoginID is a strong choice for **enterprises with strict compliance, fraud prevention and
regulatory requirements**, offering built-in legal binding and [FIDO2](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/fido2)
support.\
**However**, it lacks transparent pricing, modern UX optimization, and developer-friendly
tooling for driving passkey adoption at scale.

#### 3.3.1 Passkey Functionality

LoginID provides solid foundational support for passkey authentication across major
platforms.

- Supports WebAuthn-based passkey creation and authentication across web and mobile
  platforms.

- Includes basic credential management options (list, rename,
  [delete passkeys](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-signal-api)).

- However, advanced [WebAuthn Level 3](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-prf-webauthn) features (e.g., Signal
  API, [Client Capabilities](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-client-capabilities),
  [Client Hints](https://www.corbado.com/blog/client-hints-user-agent-chrome-safari-firefox)) are not explicitly
  documented.

#### 3.3.2 Implementation Effort

LoginID offers multiple SDKs and APIs aimed at easing integration, though deeper
integration scenarios may require significant development effort.

- Provides SDKs for web (JavaScript) and mobile (Android, [iOS](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-errors))
  applications.

- Allows integration into existing IAM solutionsDocumentation lacks details on advanced
  migration or progressive onboarding scenarios, potentially increasing complexity in
  large-scale implementations.

#### 3.3.3 User Experience

LoginID prioritizes simplicity and ease-of-use, although some advanced UX optimizations
might be missing.

- Offers convenient autofill functionality for streamlined authentication.

- Supports "usernameless" login flows to reduce friction.

- Limited information about visual feedback, onboarding nudges, or platform-specific
  optimizations (e.g., [Conditional UI](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/conditional-ui), advanced fallback UX).

#### 3.3.4 Passkey Adoption

LoginID includes basic mechanisms to support passkey adoption, though comprehensive user
adoption tooling is unclear.

- Allows users to upgrade existing authentication methods to passkeys after initial login.

- No explicit documentation regarding behavior-based nudging, in-product prompts, user
  segmentation, or built-in A/B testing to drive large-scale adoption.

- Missing detailed analytics or insights for adoption funnel optimization.

#### 3.3.5 Operations & Maintenance

LoginID provides foundational operations and management tools, but enterprise-grade
observability and advanced monitoring are not fully detailed.

- Includes basic credential management APIs and session management.

- Comprehensive device metadata logging, detailed authentication event monitoring, audit
  logging, or SOC2/GDPR-compliant observability tools are not explicitly described in
  documentation.

- Real-time [troubleshooting](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkey-troubleshooting-solutions) and monitoring
  dashboards appear to be absent or minimally documented.

#### 3.3.6 Pricing & ROI

LoginID pricing is enterprise-oriented and non-transparent, requiring direct vendor
contact.

- No publicly disclosed pricing; custom quotes needed based on usage and scale.

- Appears suitable mainly for enterprise or compliance-focused environments rather than
  startups or smaller deployments.

ROI likely driven by compliance, reduced OTP costs, and improved login security; however,
detailed cost-benefit analysis examples are not publicly available.

#### 3.3.7 Conclusion

LoginID is a viable choice for organizations prioritizing basic passkey integration and
compliance-driven environments.

However, teams seeking extensive UX optimizations, detailed analytics for adoption, robust
operational observability, or transparent pricing models might find gaps in the current
offering.

### 3.4 Authsignal

Authsignal is a good fit for **developers building custom authentication flows with strong
policy orchestration and fraud-based step-up logic**.\
**However**, passkey support is limited to lower-level integration, with no built-in
adoption flows or UX components for
[passkey onboarding](https://www.corbado.com/faq/steps-creating-passkey-user-onboarding).

#### 3.4.1 Passkey Functionality

Authsignal offers basic passkey authentication features. Besides they support various
authentication methods, including TOTP, SMS OTP and push notifications, providing
flexibility in user authentication.

#### 3.4.2 Implementation Effort

Authsignal aims to simplify the integration process with:​

- **Drop-In Integration**: Designed to plug into any architecture, allowing rapid
  deployment of passkeys, [adaptive MFA](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/adaptive-mfa), and passwordless
  authentication

- **SDKs and Pre-Built UI Components**: Offers SDKs for JavaScript,
  [React](https://www.corbado.com/blog/react-passkeys) Native, [iOS](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-errors), and
  [Android](https://www.corbado.com/blog/how-to-enable-passkeys-android), along with pre-built UI components,
  facilitating seamless integration across platforms.

- **Platform Integrations**: Provides integration for integrating with various IAM
  solutions,

#### 3.4.3 User Experience

Authsignal focuses on delivering a seamless and
[user-friendly authentication](https://www.corbado.com/faq/passkey-user-experience-benefits-non-technical-audience)
experience:​

- **Passwordless Authentication**: Facilitates a smooth user experience by eliminating the
  need for traditional passwords, utilizing passkeys and
  [biometric authentication](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-biometric-authentication) methods. ​

- **Effortless UX**: Provides [authenticator](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/authenticator) enrollment and
  challenge flows, allowing customization with branding elements like logos to align with
  the application's design.

#### 3.4.4 Adoption

To promote passkey adoption, Authsignal provides:​

- **Expert Support**: Offers guidance and support to achieve high passkey adoption rates
  within organizations.

- **Educational Resources**: Publishes articles and guides on implementing passkeys,
  including strategies for championing passkey adoption and understanding their
  functionality.

#### 3.4.5 Operations & Maintenance

Authsignal provides tools and features to support ongoing management:

- **No-Code Rules Engine**: Allows for the creation and management of authentication rules
  and policies without coding, facilitating [adaptive MFA](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/adaptive-mfa) and
  risk-based authentication.

- **360 Observability and Analytics**: Offers analytics and observability features,
  providing insights into authentication events and user behaviors.

#### 3.4.6 Pricing & ROI

Authsignal offers scalable pricing plans:

- **Free Plan**: Supports up to 2,000 monthly active users, including features like
  passkeys, SMS OTP, email OTP, TOTP, a no-code rules engine, and a single view of the
  customer.

- **Essential Plan**: Starting at $99 USD/month (billed annually) for 5,000 monthly active
  users, offering all features from the Free plan plus additional capabilities.

#### 3.4.7 Conclusion

Authsignal presents a robust and flexible authentication solution, particularly
well-suited for organizations seeking to add multi-factor authentication to their product.
Its drop-in integration, comprehensive SDKs, and pre-built UI components facilitate rapid
deployment across various platforms.

However, organizations with highly specialized requirements or those seeking extensive
customization may need to assess whether Authsignal's offerings align with their specific
needs.

### 3.5 OwnID

OwnID is well suited for **e-commerce platforms** and **retail-focused websites** looking
to add passkey-based login via
[biometric authentication](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-biometric-authentication) with low development
overhead. Their approach is tailored to specific integrations and verticals.\
**However**, their solution is **highly niche**, often tightly coupled with proprietary
components, and lacks the flexibility and UX polish needed for broader or more customized
implementations.

#### 3.5.1 Passkey Functionality

OwnID offers passkey support as part of a tightly scoped authentication solution tailored
to [e-commerce](https://www.corbado.com/passkeys-for-e-commerce).

- Focuses on biometric login across [retail](https://www.corbado.com/passkeys-for-e-commerce) and commerce use
  cases with opinionated integration paths.

- Offers multiple auth methods, but passkey flows are **not open or extensible** beyond
  predefined templates.

    Does not support advanced WebAuthn features or deep customization for varied user
    flows.

#### 3.5.2 Implementation Effort

OwnID aims to simplify integration with:

- **Connectors and SDKs**: Provides pre-built connectors for platforms like Salesforce
  Commerce Cloud, [Adobe](https://www.corbado.com/blog/adobe-passkeys-best-practices-analysis) Commerce Cloud,
  and [Auth0](https://www.corbado.com/blog/auth0-passkeys-analysis), as well as SDKs for custom integrations.

- **Quickstart Guides and Documentation**: Offers comprehensive guides to facilitate rapid
  implementation, reducing development time and effort.

#### 3.5.3 User Experience

OwnID provides a basic biometric login flow optimized for embedded
[e-commerce](https://www.corbado.com/passkeys-for-e-commerce) scenarios.

- UX is **highly standardized**, limiting control for teams wanting to tailor onboarding
  or fallback flows.

- Visuals and messaging are **generic and not optimized for high-conversion UX**,
  especially outside of commerce-specific use cases.

- Lacks dynamic passkey logic (e.g., conditional UI, smart fallback routing, or real-time
  behavioral nudging).

#### 3.5.4 Passkey Adoption

To promote passkey adoption, OwnID provides:

- **Systematic Transition from Passwords**: Integrates passkeys directly into the login
  process, systematically shifting users away from passwords over time.

- **Post-Login Enrollment**: After a user logs in with a password, they are offered the
  ability to skip the password next time by setting up a passkey, encouraging gradual
  adoption.

#### 3.5.5 Operations & Maintenance

OwnID provides tools to support ongoing management:​

- **Admin Dashboard**: Offers an interface for monitoring authentication activities and
  managing user credentials.​

- **Fallback Authentication Methods**: Automatically includes alternative authentication
  methods to ensure users can access their accounts even if passkeys are unavailable.

#### 3.5.6 Pricing & ROI

Specific pricing information for OwnID's services is not publicly disclosed. Organizations
are encouraged to contact OwnID directly to obtain detailed pricing information tailored
to their specific use cases and requirements.​

#### 3.5.7 Conclusion

OwnID presents a [passwordless authentication](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/passwordless-authentication)
solution focused on **niche e-commerce platforms** with pre-built flows and limited
customization. It’s a fit for companies looking for a narrowly scoped solution that “just
works” within supported platforms.\
However, its **lack of UX flexibility**, **limited analytics**, and **tight focus on
specific shop platforms** make it less suitable for larger-scale rollouts or teams with
broader identity needs or advanced adoption goals.

### 3.6 Hanko

Hanko is ideal for **startups and teams seeking a simple, open-source passkey
implementation** with clean SDKs and hosted options.\
**However**, it currently lacks enterprise-level observability, adoption tooling, and
advanced fallback orchestration.

#### 3.6.1 Passkey Functionality

Hanko offers a comprehensive passkey authentication system:​

- **FIDO2-Certified Passkey API and SDK**: Facilitates integration of passkeys into
  existing authentication systems, supporting various methods including passkeys,
  passwords, passcodes, and social logins.

- **Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)**: Supports TOTP
  [authenticator](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/authenticator) apps and FIDO security keys, enhancing account
  security.

#### 3.6.2 Implementation Effort

Hanko aims to simplify integration with:

- **Embeddable Web Components and APIs**: Designed for quick integration into
  applications.

- **JavaScript/TypeScript SDK**: Facilitates interaction with the Passkey API.

- **Example Implementations**: Provides guides for frameworks like
  [Next.js](https://www.corbado.com/blog/nextjs-passkeys) and the T3 Stack.

#### 3.6.3 User Experience

Hanko focuses on delivering a seamless authentication experience:​

- **Passwordless Authentication**: Utilizes passkeys and passcodes for user convenience.

- **Customizable Authentication Components**: Aligns with application design and user
  flow.

- **Passkey Management**: Allows users to view, create, rename, and
  [delete passkeys](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-signal-api) within their security settings. ​

#### 3.6.4 Passkey Adoption

To promote passkey adoption, Hanko recommends:​

- **Onboarding Integration**: Encouraging users to create passkeys during initial
  onboarding to ensure early adoption.

- **User Prompts**: Prompting returning users who haven't created a passkey to do so,
  highlighting benefits like faster logins and enhanced security.

The focus is more on giving the user a choice for login methods than driving real-world
passkey adoption.

- Passkey API can be added to existing auth systems but requires substantial additional
  engineering effort for real-world usage

- No support for nudging, A/B testing, or user segmentation

- Lacks tooling for gradual password phase-out

#### 3.6.5 Operations & Maintenance

Hanko provides tools for ongoing management:​

- **Admin API Endpoints**: Includes endpoints for managing passwords, WebAuthn
  credentials, OTPs, and sessions.

- **Session Management**: Offers server-side sessions with options for session limits and
  active session lists.

- Metadata logging and basic auditing available

- No built-in dashboards or alerting for auth issues

#### 3.6.6 Pricing & ROI

Hanko offers scalable pricing plans:​

- **Free Plan**: Supports up to 10,000 monthly active users with core authentication
  features.

- **Pro Plan**: At $29/month, includes 10,000 free monthly active users, with additional
  users at $0.01 each, offering enhanced features like personal support and SAML
  [SSO](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-single-sign-on-sso).

- **Startup Plan**: Provides up to 1 million active users for $29/month flat.

#### 3.6.7 Conclusion

Hanko presents a robust authentication solution suitable for organizations aiming to
implement passkeys. Its clearly a solution for developers and startups. However,
organizations requiring highly specialized features or extensive customization may need to
assess whether Hanko's offerings align with their specific requirements.

### 3.7 Ping Identity

Ping is designed for **enterprises needing full IAM orchestration and secure,
standards-based passkey support across mobile and web**.\
**However**, its passkey feature set is part of a broader platform, with limited
documentation on UX, fallback logic or adoption-driving mechanisms.

#### 3.7.1 Passkey Functionality

- Supports basic [FIDO2](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/fido2)/WebAuthn for passwordless authentication with
  registered platform [authenticators](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/authenticator).

- Available through Ping SDKs for [iOS](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-errors),
  [Android](https://www.corbado.com/blog/how-to-enable-passkeys-android), and JavaScript.

- No mention of advanced WebAuthn features like Signal API or Client Capabilities.

#### 3.7.2 Implementation Effort

- Sample applications are provided to help developers implement passkey flows.

- Requires PingAM or PingOne Advanced Identity Cloud for setup.

- No-code orchestration UI available through PingOne.

- SDK setup includes device binding and key pair registration.

#### 3.7.3 User Experience

- Mobile SDKs bind the device cryptographically to a user identity.

- No detailed documentation on fallback UX or contextual feedback.

#### 3.7.4 Passkey Adoption

- Offers cloud-based passwordless capabilities under PingOne for Customers.

- Adoption strategies like nudging or analytics are not publicly documented.

- Focus is on simply offering passkey of a feature, not consumer adoption UX.

#### 3.7.5 Operations & Maintenance

- SDKs support device verification, key rotation, and secure binding.

- No public details on passkey-specific observability or login funnel analytics.

- Security updates and versioning are maintained across Ping services.

#### 3.7.6 Pricing & ROI

- PingOne for Customers pricing starts at $35,000/year (Essential tier).

- Passkey support is part of broader passwordless orchestration capabilities.

- ROI is positioned around enterprise security, reduced password friction, and
  infrastructure alignment.

- No pricing per credential or device; volume-based enterprise pricing assumed.

#### 3.7.7 Conclusion

Ping Identity offers a robust and enterprise-grade passkey solution built on
[FIDO2](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/fido2) and WebAuthn standards. It is best suited for large organizations
already using the Ping platform or those needing orchestration, compliance, and secure
passwordless authentication at scale. The platform’s SDKs support key passkey flows on web
and mobile, and it integrates into existing IAM setups.

However, Ping Identity’s offering is less geared toward rapid implementation or
consumer-focused UX optimization. It lacks publicly documented features for A/B testing,
nudging strategies, deep analytics, and advanced
[passkey observability](https://www.corbado.com/blog/authentication-observability). Pricing is also
enterprise-only and not transparent.

### 3.8 Daon

Daon fits best for **large enterprises already using Daon’s identity stack (e.g. KYC,
biometrics)** and looking to expand into passkey-based authentication.\
**However**, it’s not ideal for greenfield implementations or teams seeking agile UX
customization, developer self-service, or rapid iteration.

#### 3.8.1 Passkey Functionality

Daon offers solid passkey support leveraging WebAuthn and FIDO2, particularly suitable for
regulated and enterprise environments.

- Supports WebAuthn and FIDO2 standards across major platforms (iOS, Android, macOS,
  [Windows Hello](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/windows-hello)).

- Provides foundational multi-passkey support, including basic management (create, delete,
  manage credentials).

- Limited public information on advanced [WebAuthn Level 3](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-prf-webauthn)
  features (e.g., Signal API, Client Capabilities, detailed analytics).

#### 3.8.2 Implementation Effort

Daon simplifies implementation via its identity platforms but may require significant
initial configuration.

- Offers IdentityX and TrustX platforms, designed for integration into existing
  authentication infrastructures.

- Provides [SaaS](https://www.corbado.com/blog/saas-companies-integrate-passkeys) deployment options (Identity
  Continuity with TrustX) and hosted identity solutions (IdentityX).

- Public documentation indicates strong compatibility with existing IAM setups, but
  specific developer tools like testing harnesses or detailed API documentation are
  limited publicly.

#### 3.8.3 User Experience

Daon prioritizes smooth and frictionless authentication experiences, with a focus on
biometrics and passkey-based login.

- Delivers passwordless, biometric-driven passkey authentication to reduce friction.

- Supports multi-factor authentication (MFA) with intuitive flows, enhancing security
  without compromising UX.

- Limited details publicly available on advanced UX elements like conditional UI, visual
  login progress indicators, or device-specific optimizations.

#### 3.8.4 Passkey Adoption

Daon provides foundational tools and guidance but offers limited public information on
adoption-focused strategies.

- Educates customers on passkey benefits through comprehensive FAQs and sector-specific
  resources (e.g., [financial services](https://www.corbado.com/passkeys-for-banking)).

- No detailed public information on proactive adoption tools such as A/B testing,
  segmented nudging, or progressive onboarding flows.

- Passkey-specific analytics, funnel tracking, or detailed adoption metrics are not
  prominently detailed publicly.

#### 3.8.5 Operations & Maintenance

Daon offers solid operational support with emphasis on compliance, though detailed
observability tools and analytics appear limited.

- Features general customer support teams to assist with implementation and maintenance.

- Compliance support documentation and assistance for regulated industries (GDPR, SOC2
  compliance).

- Publicly limited information on real-time troubleshooting dashboards, detailed device
  metadata logging, or comprehensive operational analytics.

#### 3.8.6 Pricing & ROI

Daon’s pricing is tailored for enterprise deals and not publicly disclosed.

- Pricing is quote-based; no transparent plans or per-user pricing models.

- Designed for large organizations with specific compliance or orchestration needs.

- ROI is likely framed around fraud reduction and enterprise security improvements.

- No data shared on passkey [conversion rates](https://www.corbado.com/blog/logins-impact-checkout-conversion),
  support ticket reduction, or UX uplift.

- Time to market may vary depending on existing use of IdentityX/TrustX infrastructure.

#### 3.8.7 Conclusion

Daon is a strong fit for organizations already using other parts of the Daon ecosystem
(e.g., [identity proofing](https://www.corbado.com/blog/digital-identity-guide),
[KYC](https://www.corbado.com/blog/iso-18013-7-mdl-bank-kyc-onboarding), or biometric authentication) and looking
to extend their stack with passkey capabilities. Its platform is built for large
enterprises with strict security, compliance, and orchestration requirements.

However, for product teams that are starting from scratch or looking for self-serve
developer tooling, passkey-specific UX optimization, or real-time adoption tracking, Daon
may be less suitable. The platform is designed for full-suite enterprise deployments
rather than lightweight or standalone passkey rollouts.

### 3.9 Keycloak

[Keycloak](https://www.corbado.com/blog/keycloak-passkeys) is well suited for **engineering-driven teams that
already use it as their IdP and want to enable passkeys via built-in WebAuthn support**.\
**However**, it lacks UX polish, developer SDKs, and adoption tooling — making it less
ideal for consumer apps or large-scale rollouts.

#### 3.9.1 Passkey Functionality

- Native support for WebAuthn/FIDO2 (platform [authenticators](https://www.corbado.com/glossary/authenticator)
  and security keys).

- Configurable via admin UI with support for resident keys and
  [user verification](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-user-verification).

- No support for advanced WebAuthn features like Conditional UI or Signal API.

#### 3.9.2 Implementation Effort

- WebAuthn can be added to [Keycloak](https://www.corbado.com/blog/keycloak-passkeys) authentication flows
  without external plugins.

- Integration into custom frontends requires significant manual work.

- No official SDKs or UI components - developer experience is backend-centric.

#### 3.9.3 User Experience

- Passkey flows rely on [Keycloak](https://www.corbado.com/blog/keycloak-passkeys)’s default login pages and
  browser-native dialogs.

- No support for
  [one-tap login](https://docs.corbado.com/corbado-connect/features/one-tap-login) or
  automatic autofill experiences.

- UX customization requires editing Keycloak themes (Freemarker-based).

#### 3.9.4 Passkey Adoption

- No built-in prompts or progressive onboarding flows.

- No analytics or targeting tools to drive adoption.

- Adoption must be manually implemented by the developer team.

#### 3.9.5 Operations & Maintenance

- Basic credential management via admin console.

- No device-level observability or login funnel insights.

- Self-hosted model requires teams to manage patches and updates.

#### 3.9.6 Pricing & ROI

- Free and open-source with no usage-based costs.

- High ROI if you already use Keycloak and have engineering capacity.

- Limited return if you need consumer-grade UX or fast time-to-market.

#### 3.9.7 Conclusion

Keycloak is a good fit for development teams that already use it as their identity
provider and want to experiment with passkeys using built-in tools. Its WebAuthn
integration is solid for enabling basic passwordless login, especially in
developer-controlled environments or internal applications.

However, Keycloak is not optimized for consumer-scale passkey adoption. It lacks built-in
UX patterns, analytics, fallback logic, and developer-friendly SDKs needed to drive usage
across diverse user devices. Teams aiming for high adoption or seamless user journeys will
need to build those capabilities on top or integrate external orchestration layers focused
on passkey adoption.

### 3.10 Cognito

[Cognito](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-amazon-cognito) is a good option for **simple passkey use cases
within the AWS ecosystem, especially when using Hosted UI and managed login flows**.\
**However**, it lacks flexibility for custom frontends, real adoption tooling, fallback
logic, and UX optimization - making it hard to scale passkey usage effectively.

#### 3.10.1 Passkey Functionality

[Amazon Cognito](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-amazon-cognito) supports basic passkey (WebAuthn/FIDO2)
functionality for passwordless authentication through its Hosted UI.

- WebAuthn Support: Manages basic WebAuthn ceremonies internally without exposing advanced
  configuration options to developers.

- No advanced WebAuthn features like Conditional UI, Signal API, or fine-grained
  credential control.

#### 3.10.2 Implementation Effort

[Cognito](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-amazon-cognito) is simple to set up if using the Hosted UI, but
custom frontend integration significantly increases development effort.

- Hosted UI Integration: Works out-of-the-box with minimal setup when using
  [Cognito](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-amazon-cognito)’s managed login flow.

- Manual Integration for Custom UIs: Developers must handle WebAuthn flows manually if not
  using Hosted UI.

- No drop-in UI components or frontend SDKs for WebAuthn available from
  [AWS](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-amazon-cognito).

- Limited customization of the login experience (no access to PublicKeyCredentialOptions).

#### 3.10.3 User Experience

Cognito offers a functional but limited UX when it comes to passkeys.

- Separate “Sign in with passkey” Button: Requires explicit user action to trigger passkey
  login.

- No Conditional UI: Users won’t see
  [passkey autofill](https://www.corbado.com/blog/webauthn-conditional-ui-passkeys-autofill) prompts
  automatically after entering their email.

- Static Login Flow: Passkey registration is only offered via Hosted UI and not embedded
  in contextual moments like post-login.

- Fallbacks like password and SMS are available but not orchestrated intelligently.

#### 3.10.4 Passkey Adoption

Cognito currently offers no dedicated features for increasing or tracking passkey
adoption.

- Manual Enrollment Only: Passkey registration must be initiated by the user through
  account settings or Hosted UI.

- No Nudging or A/B Testing: Lacks in-product messaging, nudges, or targeting strategies
  for progressive adoption.

- No Funnel Analytics: Developers cannot track passkey creation rates, drop-offs, or login
  method success.

- Adoption Intelligence: No support for fallback detection, device readiness, or
  behavioral targeting.

#### 3.10.5 Operations & Maintenance

Operational tools for managing passkey-based logins are minimal in Cognito.

- No Admin Dashboard for Passkeys: [AWS](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-amazon-cognito) Console provides
  general user management, but no passkey-specific views.

- No Real-Time Monitoring: No built-in logging or troubleshooting tools for failed
  WebAuthn attempts.

- Fallbacks are static: Passwords and MFA (e.g. OTP) can be used, but not dynamically
  orchestrated based on environment.

- No support for viewing device metadata or credential-level logs.

#### 3.10.6 Pricing & ROI

Cognito uses a pay-per-MAU model, but passkey usage is included without additional cost.

- Included in MAU Pricing: No extra fees for enabling passkeys within user pools.

- Transparent Pricing: [AWS](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-amazon-cognito) pricing for Cognito is
  publicly available and scales with MAUs.

- No Add-on Costs: Passkeys don’t incur device-based or credential-based charges.

- Limited ROI Optimization: No tooling for reducing SMS costs, increasing adoption, or
  optimizing login success.

#### 3.10.7 Conclusion

[Amazon Cognito](https://www.corbado.com/blog/passkeys-amazon-cognito) provides a functional foundation for
adding passkey support, especially when using its Hosted UI. It’s a good fit for teams
that want to experiment with passkeys in a greenfield project or internal tool.

However, Cognito lacks customization, UX optimization, analytics and adoption tooling -
which limits its suitability for large-scale or enterprise passkey rollouts. Organizations
aiming for deep passkey integration, measurable adoption and frictionless UX may find
Cognito’s offering too limited without additional tooling.

## 4. Conclusion

We’ll be honest: We’ve got strong opinions on passkeys. It’s our daily focus, and yes,
that means we’ve got strong opinions. But only because we’ve seen what it really takes to
make passkeys work at scale - not just technically, but with real users, across devices
and in business-critical environments.

Duende offers ultimate flexibility - but that comes with high implementation overhead and
no built-in [passkey features](https://www.corbado.com/blog/social-logins-pre-filled-passkeys-customization).

Corbado, by contrast, gives you everything needed to launch passkeys quickly and
effectively: optimized UX flows, fallback strategies, user adoption tooling and deep login
analytics. A smart choice if passkeys are central to your authentication roadmap.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### What passkey features does Duende IdentityServer lack that dedicated alternatives provide?

Duende IdentityServer has no native passkey or WebAuthn support, requiring full manual
implementation of ceremony handling, fallback UX and user onboarding. Dedicated
alternatives provide purpose-built SDKs, credential lifecycle management APIs, behavioral
nudging and funnel analytics. These tools are essential for driving real-world adoption
beyond simply enabling the passkey feature.

### Which Duende alternative is best suited for e-commerce passkey deployments?

OwnID is specifically designed for e-commerce and retail, offering pre-built connectors
for Salesforce Commerce Cloud and Adobe Commerce Cloud. However, its UX is highly
standardized with limited analytics and customization options. Teams needing broader
flexibility or advanced adoption tooling may find more specialized providers a better
long-term fit.

### How does Keycloak compare to commercial Duende alternatives for passkey support?

Keycloak supports WebAuthn and FIDO2 natively without external plugins and is fully
open-source with no usage-based costs. However, it lacks built-in UX components,
conditional UI, nudging strategies and adoption analytics. Teams aiming for consumer-scale
passkey adoption must build those capabilities separately on top of Keycloak.

### Which Duende alternatives are best suited for regulated industries with strict compliance requirements?

LoginID targets enterprises with strict compliance and regulatory requirements, offering
built-in legal binding and FIDO2 support, though pricing requires direct vendor contact.
Daon serves regulated industries like financial services by extending existing KYC and
biometric identity stacks with passkey authentication. Both use quote-based enterprise
pricing with no publicly disclosed rates.

### How should I evaluate total cost of ownership when replacing Duende with a passkey-focused provider?

Total cost of ownership includes vendor license fees, developer integration time, ongoing
security audit costs and staying current with WebAuthn ecosystem changes. Providers that
bundle passkey analytics, nudging and adoption tools reduce future build costs
significantly. ROI is typically measured through lower SMS OTP costs, reduced support
tickets and higher login success rates.